2/28/2023 0 Comments Tissue fragments in urine![]() On the other hand, animal models often fail to recapitulate pathologies and treatment responses that occur in humans. However, 2D cell culture models are insufficient for capturing the complexity of in vivo architecture, such as extracellular matrix and cell–cell interactions that occur in 3D space ( 5). Current strategies for disease characterization and therapy development rely heavily on 2D cell-culture techniques with subsequent employment of animal models, which contribute to high research costs. Given the pressing burden of bladder-related morbidities, there is a need for new methods of characterization, diagnosis, and treatment. Other conditions include congenital defects, inflammatory conditions and traumatic injuries. UTIs can pose major risks to the patient, including the potential for irreversible renal damage from kidney infection, birth complications in pregnant women, and life-threatening sepsis. In fact, the majority of women will develop UTIs in their lifetime, and the recurrence rate is one in four due to the tendency for bacteria to remain in the urinary tract after treatment ( 4). Other common bladder-morbidities include urinary tract infections (UTIs) ( 3). Bladder cancer is the sixth most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States ( 1) and has the highest lifetime treatment cost per patient of all cancer types, owing to a high post-treatment recurrence of 31-78% ( 2). Additionally, two studies applied organoids to urinary tract infections.īladder-related diseases comprise a significant burden for world healthcare. Ten studies explored hypericin as a tool for diagnostics and photodynamic therapy. Treatment studies investigated cancer chemotherapy, immunotherapy, oncolytic viruses, and gene therapy. Diagnostic studies explored the use of endogenous fluorophores and white light for photodiagnosis. ![]() Tumor characterization studies included a focus on extracellular matrix, microenvironment, genetics, and growth of tumor cells. ![]() The applications of bladder carcinoma spheroids and organoids followed three themes: cancer characterization, diagnosis, and treatment. Finally, cell types and techniques utilized for spheroid and organoid manufacture were characterized. PubMed and Web of Science were utilized in March 2018 to compile 191 articles satisfying search criteria related to bladder organoids or spheroids and 58 articles were included in the final review. The aim of this article was to provide a systematic review of the literature related to bladder organoids and spheroids, applied to disease diagnosis, characterization, and treatment. Organoids and spheroids are 3D cultures that mimic organ features ex vivo and offer novel approaches for diagnostic and therapeutic assessment. Bladder-related diseases are among the most common and costly to the healthcare system, and therefore require new approaches to treatment.
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